Our research is your technology!

Our products, QTUG™ (Quantitative Timed Up and Go), Kinesis Gait™ and Kinesis Balance™, falls risk, mobility, gait and balance assessment technologies have been developed through fourteen years of research and extensively clinically validated through publication in top-tier international scientific journals.
A summary of the research evidence base supporting our QTUG™ product can be found here.

Supporting Clinical and Scientific Evidence

Key evidence and findings
NICE briefing on QTUG™ technology
Case Studies on Kinesis technologies
Supporting evidence - Peer reviewed journal papers
Supporting evidence - Peer reviewed conference papers
QTUG cost calculator (cost saving and fall prevention economic model)

Kinesis products have been shown to be Valid, Reliable and Accurate in measuring Gait, Balance and Mobility, as well as assessing Falls in older adults.

The technology is based on fourteen years of peer reviewed research. Our technology uses advanced wearable sensors suitable for objective assessment of gait and mobility, measurement of response to rehabilitation and treatment and well as screening for falls risk, mobility impairment and frailty.

Linus Health Europe Ltd. (formerly known as Kinesis Health Technologies Ltd) are a subsidiary of Linus Health and originated as a spin-out from University College Dublin and the TRIL centre, a large ageing research project funded by Intel, GE Healthcare and the Irish government.

Key evidence to date

QTUG™ has been shown to be more accurate than standard measures (manually timed TUG test and Berg balance scale) in assessing risk of falling in older adults.
QTUG™ has been shown to provide a robust and reliable estimate of patient's frailty state.
QTUG™ has been shown to predict falls within 3 months in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Inertial sensor algorithms contained in Kinesis Gait™ and QTUG™ have been validated against gold standards for assessment of temporal and spatial gait parameters (optical motion capture system, forceplate and GAITRite).
QTUG is a sensitive measure for assessing changes in functional mobility between admission and discharge for hip fracture patients. QTUG may be useful for assessing falls risk and frailty on discharge post hip fracture.
Kinesis Balance supports reliable estimation of falls risk, balance impairment and functional strength. Balance, Falls risk and Functional strength can be remotely assessed using Kinesis Balance running on a smartphone device.

Independent health economic evidence has shown that QTUG™ is cost-effective when used as part of a fall prevention programme.
QTUG™ has been validated both prospectively and cross-sectionally, and shown to provide an accurate measure of falls risk in older adults.
Mobility parameters derived using Kinesis Gait™ and QTUG™ have been shown to provide valid and reliable measurement of gait and mobility in: patients with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, older adults and healthy controls.
Change in mobility parameters obtained using QTUG™ have been shown to be associated with cognitive decline in older adults.
The Five Times Sit to Stand (FTSS) test and wearable sensors can provide reliable estimation of balance and cognitive decline.

NICE briefing

NICE, The UK National Institute of Health and Care Excellence have recently issued a briefing note on the QTUG™ technology and its utility in assessing falls risk and frailty. Click here to read the briefing note.

Case studies

Kinesis Gait™ used to to measure the impact of physical therapy
Timed Up and Go: Reducing Fall-Risk and Improving Ambulation with Kinesis and the QTUG™ Assessment Tool - Keswick Community Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
QTUG™ used to assess a nursing home based fall prevention exercise programme - Herfordshire Care Providers Association (HCPA), Hertfordshire, UK.
Use of QTUG™ in a hospital outpatient setting - St Vincents hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
Use of QTUG™ in a community fall prevention service - Irishtown Primary Care Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
Use of QTUG™ for risk stratification in a sheltered housing organisation - Circle housing, Kent, UK.

Internationally peer reviewed journal papers

Estimating balance, cognitive function, and falls risk using wearable sensors and the sit-to-stand test

Barry R. Greene, Emer P. Doheny,Killian McManus and Brian Caulfield

Wearable Technologies, Volume 3, 2022, e9022

Development of Data-driven Metrics for Balance Impairment and Fall Risk Assessment in Older Adults

Killian McManus, Barry R. Greene, Lilian Genaro Motti Ader and Brian Caulfield

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2022

Predicting Fall Counts Using Wearable Sensors: A Novel Digital Biomarker for Parkinson’s Disease

Barry R. Greene, Isabella Premoli, Killian McManus, Denise McGrath and Brian Caulfield

Special Issue Feature Papers in Wearables Section 2021, Sensors 2022 22(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010054

Unsupervised assessment of balance and falls risk using a smartphone and machine learning

Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus, Lilian Genaro Motti Ader and Brian Caulfield

Special Issue on Wearable Sensors for Assessment of Gait in Older Adults, Sensors 2021 21(14). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144770

Basic gait pattern and impact of fall risk factors on gait among older adults in India

S. Kulkarni and A. Nagarkar

Gait and Posture (2021) 88 p16-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.043

Reliability of inertial sensor based spatiotemporal gait parameters for short walking bouts in community dwelling older adults

Lilian Genaro Motti Ader, Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus and Brian Caulfield

Gait and Posture (2021) 85 p1-6. DOI:

Detecting subtle mobility changes among older adults: the Quantitative Timed Up and Go test

Erin Smith, Caitriona Cunningham, Barry R. Greene, Ulrik McCarthy Persson and Catherine Blake

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01733-7

Short Bouts of Gait Data and Body-Worn Inertial Sensors Can Provide Reliable Measures of Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters from Bilateral Gait Data for Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

Lilian Genaro Motti Ader, Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus, Niall Tubridy and Brian Caulfield

MDPI Biosensors 10(9), 128 (2020), Special Issue Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10090128

Digital assessment of falls risk, frailty and mobility impairment using wearable sensors

Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus, Stephen Redmond, Brian Caulfield, Charlene Quinn

npj Digit. Med. 2, 125 (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0204-z

A modelling-based economic evaluation of primary-care-based fall-risk screening followed by fall-prevention intervention: a cohort-based Markov model stratified by older age groups

Franklin M, Hunter RM

Age & Ageing 2019; 5. DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afz125

Longitudinal assessment of falls in Parkinson’s disease using inertial sensors and the Timed Up and Go test

Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, Dronacharya Lamichhane, William Bond, Jessica Svendsen, Connie Zurski, Dyveke Pratt

Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering 2018; 5. DOI: 10.1177/2055668317750811

The effect of a dual task on Quantitative Timed Up and Go (QTUG) performance in community-dwelling older adults – a preliminary study

Erin Smith, Lorcan Walsh, Julie Doyle, Barry Greene, Catherine Blake

Geriatrics & Gerontology International 2017; 17: 1176-1182. DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12845

Fall risk assessment through automatic combination of clinical fall risk factors and body-worn sensor data

Barry R. Greene, Stephen J. Redmond, Brian Caulfield

IEEE J. Biomed Health Inform 2016. 21(3). DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2016.2539098

Assessment and classification of early stage multiple sclerosis with inertial sensors: comparison against clinical measures of disease state

Barry R. Greene, Stephanie Rutledge, Iain McGurgan, Christopher McGuigan, Karen O'Connell, Brian Caulfield, Niall Tubridy

IEEE J. Biomed Health Inform 2015. Jul;19(4):1356-61.

The reliability of the quantitative timed up and go test (QTUG) measured over five consecutive days under single and dual-task conditions in community dwelling older adults

Erin Smith,Lorcan Walsh, Julie Doyle, Barry Greene, Catherine Blake

Gait & Posture 2016, (43): 239-244

Classification of frailty and falls history using a combination of sensor-based mobility assessments

Barry R. Greene, Emer P Doheny, Rose A. Kenny and Brian Caulfield

Physiological Measurement, 2014, 35 (10), 2053

Frailty status can be accurately assessed using inertial sensors and the TUG test

Barry R. Greene, Emer P Doheny, Aisling O’Halloran, Rose A. Kenny

Age and Ageing, 2014, 43(3): 406-411

Evaluation of falls risk in community-dwelling older adults using body-worn sensors

B. R. Greene, E. P. Doheny, C. W. Walsh, C. Cunningham, L. Crosby, and R. A. Kenny

Gerontol. 58(5), 2012

Quantitative falls risk assessment using the timed up and go test

Barry R. Greene, Alan O’Donovan, Roman Romero-Ortuno, Lisa Cogan, Cliodhna Ni Scanaill, Rose A. Kenny

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2010. 57(12): p. 2918-26

Assessment of cognitive decline through quantitative analysis of the timed up and go test

B. R. Greene, R. A. Kenny

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59(4) p988-995, 2012

Development of a Caregivers’ Support Platform (Connected Health Sustaining Home Stay in Dementia): Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Mixed Methods Study

Guisado-Fernandez E, Caulfield B, Silva PA, Mackey L, Singleton D, Leahy D, Dossot S, Power D, O'Shea D, Blake C

JMIR Res Protoc 2019;8(8):e13280

Stability of daily home-based measures of postural control over an 8-week period in highly functioning older adults

Denise McGrath, B. R. Greene, K.J. Sheehan, L. Walsh, R. A. Kenny, B. Caulfield

Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2015 Feb;115(2):437-49

Falls classification using tri-axial accelerometers during the five-times-sit-to-stand test

Emer P. Doheny, Barry R. Greene, Cathal Walsh, Timothy Foran, Clodagh Cunningham, Chie Wei Fan and Rose Anne Kenny

Gait and Posture, 2013, I38(4): 1021-1025

A comparison of algorithms for body-worn sensor based spatio-temporal gait parameters to GAITRite electronic walkway

Greene BR, Foran T, McGrath D, E.P. Doheny, Burns A. Caulfield, B.

Journal of Applied Biomechanics; 28(3):349-55, 2012

Early identification of declining balance in higher functioning older adults, an inertial sensor based method

KJ Sheehan, BR Greene, C Cunningham, L Crosby, RA Kenny

Gait & Posture, 2014, 39(4): 1034-1039

Effects of a low-volume, vigorous intensity step exercise programme on functional mobility in middle-aged adults

Emer P. Doheny, Denise McGrath, Massimiliano Ditroilo; Jacqueline Mair, Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, Giuseppe De Vito, Madeleine Lowery

Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2013, 41(8): 1748-1757

Quantitative falls risk estimation through multi-sensor assessment of standing balance

Barry R. Greene, Denise McGrath, Lorcan Walsh, Emer P. Doheny, David McKeown, Chiara Garattini, Clodagh Cunningham, Lisa Crosby, Brian Caulfield, Rose A. Kenny

Phys Meas. 33 (2012) 2049–2063

An adaptive gyroscope based algorithm for temporal gait analysis

B. R. Greene, D. McGrath, R. O’Neill, K. J. O’Donovan, A. Burns, and B. Caulfield

Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 48, Issue 12 (2010), p. 1251

Estimation of minimum ground-clearance (MGC) using body-worn inertial sensors

Denise McGrath, Barry R. Greene, Cathal Walsh, Brian Caulfield

J. Biomech. 44, 1083-1088 (2011)

Diurnal variations in the outcomes of instrumented gait and quiet standing balance assessments and their association with falls history

Emer P. Doheny, Barry R. Greene, Timothy Foran, Clodagh Cunningham, Chie Wei Fan and Rose Anne Kenny

Phys Meas, 33(3), p361, 2012

Internationally peer reviewed conference papers

Grainne Vavasour, Oonagh M. Giggins, Orla Moran, Julie Doyle, Daniel Kelly, "Quantifying Steps During a Timed Up and Go Test Using a Wearable Sensor System: A Laboratory-Based Validation Study in Healthy Young and Older Volunteers", 3rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2021), July 2021
Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus, Lilian Genaro Motti Ader, Brian Caulfield, "Self-directed assessment of standing balance and falls risk", IEEE Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI) 2021 and the IEEE Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN) 2021 (BHI-BSN 2021), July 2021
Killian McManus, Barry R. Greene, Lilian Genaro Motti Ader, Brian Caulfield, "Single IMU assessment of postural sway and falls risk in older adults", IEEE Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI) 2021 and the IEEE Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN) 2021 (BHI-BSN 2021), July 2021
Lilian G. Motti Ader, Killian McManus, Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, “How many steps to represent individual gait?”, EICS '20: Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems, June 2020 Article No.: 8 Pages 1–4
Quinn CC, Greene BR, McManus K, Redmond SJ, Caulfield B. “Sensor-based assessment of falls risk of the timed up and go in real-world settings”, GSA 2019 Annual Scientific Meeting “Strength in Age—Harnessing the Power of Networks”.
Killian McManus, Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, "Impact of Exercise Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease can be Quantified Using Inertial Sensor Data and Clinical Tests", 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) 2019, pp. 3507-3510, Berlin, Germany, July 2019
J. Somerset, B. Hammersley, M. Bonello, "Can the Quantified Timed Up and Go (QTUG) device support decision making for patients undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation?", 2019 International Congress of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, September 22-26, 2019 in Nice, France
Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus, Brian Caulfield, "Population based screening for assessment of falls and mobility using wearable sensors", IEEE Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI) 2019 and the IEEE Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN) 2019 (BHI-BSN 2019), Chicago Illinois, May 2019
Barry R. Greene, Killian McManus, Brian Caulfield, "Automatic fusion of inertial sensors and clinical risk factors for accurate fall risk assessment during balance assessment", IEEE Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI) 2018 and the IEEE Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN) 2018 (BHI-BSN 2018), Las Vegas Nevada, March 2018
Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, "Objective assessment of functional mobility using the TUG test", IEEE Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI) 2018 and the IEEE Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN) 2018 (BHI-BSN 2018), Las Vegas Nevada, March 2018
Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, Dronacharya Lamichhane, William Bond, Jessica Svendsen, Connie Zurski, Dyveke Pratt, “Prediction of falls in Parkinson’s disease using the Timed Up and Go test and body-worn sensors”, 1st European conference on Falls, Frailty & Fractures, Dublin, November 2017
Barry R. Greene, Brian Caulfield, “Prediction of falls in community dwelling older adults using body-worn sensors and clinical risk factors”, 1st European conference on Falls, Frailty & Fractures, Dublin, November 2017
Marie Mc Carthy, Bill Byrom, Brenda Reginatto, Susie Donnelly, Barry R Greene, J Patrick Bewley, Willie Muehlhausen, Oisin Kearns. "The Reaches Study: Design of an Innovative Patient Centric Trial in a Novel Setting", International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research, 2017.
Ruth M. Maher, Devon G. Cota, Sonal Sheth. "Determining contributing factors to outcome measure scores using triaxial wearable sensor technology in an individual using a straight cane and ankle-foot orthosis", APTA CSM 2017 Orthopaedic Section, (Abstracts OPO1–OPO24) 2017.
Grace Coakley, Dara Meldrum. "Quantitative Timed Up and Go to measure falls risk and frailty levels in elderly patients post hip fracture". 64th Annual and Scientific Meeting of the Irish Gerontological Society, Killarney Oct 2016, Age and Ageing, Volume 45 Issue suppl 2, 2016.
Barry R. Greene, Denise McGrath, Brian Caulfield. "A comparison of cross-sectional and prospective algorithms for falls risk assessment". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Conference, Chicago, 2014.
Barry R. Greene, Michael Healy, Stephanie Rutledge,Brian Caulfield, Niall Tubridy, "Quantitative assessment of multiple sclerosis using inertial sensors and the TUG test". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Conference, Chicago, 2014
S. Rutledge, Barry R Greene, I. McGurgan, K. O’Connell, C. McGuigan, N. Tubridy,” Sensing the rhythm of MS, European Journal of Neurology 22(Suppl. 1):711-711, June 2015.
Emer Doheny, Denise McGrath, Barry R. Greene, Lorcan Walsh, David J. McKeown, Clodagh Cunningham, Lisa Crosby, Rose Anne Kenny, Brian Caulfield, “Displacement of centre of mass during quiet standing assessed using accelerometry in older fallers and non-fallers”, IEEE EMBC 2012 conference
Denise McGrath, Emer Doheny, Lorcan Walsh, David J. McKeown, Clodagh Cunningham, Lisa Crosby, Rose Anne Kenny, Nicholas Stergiou, Brian Caulfield, Barry R. Greene, “Taking balance measurement out of the laboratory and into the home: discriminatory capability of novel centre of pressure measurement in fallers and non-faller”, IEEE EMBC 2012 conference
Barry R. Greene, Denise McGrath, Timothy G. Foran, Emer P. Doheny, Brian Caulfield, ‘Body-worn sensor based surrogates of minimum ground clearance in elderly fallers and controls’, EMBC 2011
Lorcan Walsh, Barry R. Greene, Denise McGrath, Adrian Burns, Brian Caulfield, ‘Development and Validation of a Clinic Based Balance Assessment Technology’, EMBC 2011.
Cliodhna Ni Scanaill, Barry R. Greene, Emer Doheny, Karol O'Donovan, Terrance Dishongh, Alan D. O'Donovan, Tim Foran, Clodagh Cunningham, Rose Anne Kenny, ‘Clinical Gait Assessment of Older Adults using Open Platform Tools’, EMBC 2011
Emer P. Doheny, Chie Wei Fan, Timothy Foran, Barry R. Greene, Clodagh Cunningham and Rose Anne Kenny, ‘An instrumented five times sit to stand test used to examine differences between fallers and non-fallers’, EMBC 2011.
Denise McGrath, Barry R. Greene, Emer P. Doheny, and Brian Caulfield, ‘Reliability of Quantitative TUG measures of mobility for use in falls risk assessment’, EMBC 2011
Lorcan Walsh, Barry R. Greene, Adrian Burns, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill, “The Unobtrusive Assessment of Daily Activity and Gait Velocity", Pervasive Health 2011 AAL Workshop
Emer P. Doheny, Barry R. Greene, Chie Wei Fan, Rose Anne Kenny, ‘Changes in the stride length and stride velocity of fallers and non-fallers during dual task walking‘, EUGMS 2010
Chiara Garattini, Barry R. Greene, Stefan Müller, Emma Fortune, Cliodhna Ni Scanaill, ‘Investigating Usage for a Quantitative Automated Version of the Timed Up and Go test (TUG)’, EUGMS 2010
Barry R. Greene, Alan O’Donovan, Roman Romero-Ortuno, Lisa Cogan, Cliodhna Ni Scanaill, Rose A. Kenny , “Quantitative Falls risk assessment using body-worn sensors” EUGMS
T Foran, CU Cunningham, CW Fan, B .R. Greene, C. Ni Scanaill, R. A. Kenny, ‘Orthostatic hypotension and postural sway: a possible cause for falls in the morning’, EUGMS 2010
Emer Doheny, Barry R. Greene, Timothy Foran, Clodagh Cunningham, Chie Wei Fan, Rose Anne Kenny, ‘Diurnal variations in the five times sit-to-stand test for fallers and non-fallers’. EUGMS 2010
Barry R. Greene, Chie. W. Fan, Alan O’Donovan, Timothy G. Foran, Clodagh Cunningham, Rose A. Kenny, ‘Wireless sensor measurement of diurnal variation in postural sway in older adults: home-based study’. EUGMS 2010
Barry R. Greene, Denise McGrath, Ross O' Neill, Karol O'Donovan, Adrian Burns, Brian Caulfield, ‘Adaptive estimation of temporal gait parameters using body-worn gyroscopes’. EMBC 2010
Emer Doheny, Tim Foran, Barry R. Greene, ‘A single gyroscope method for spatial gait analysis’. EMBC 2010
Adrian Burns, Emer Doheny, Barry R. Greene, Tim Foran, Dan Leahy, Karol O'Donovan, Michael J. McGrath (SHIMMER™: ‘An Extensible Platform for Physiological Signal Capture’. EMBC 2010.
Barry R. Greene, Alan O’Donovan, Roman Romero-Ortuno, Lisa Cogan, Cliodhna Ni Scanaill, Rose A. Kenny. 'Falls risk assessment through quantitative analysis of TUG' presented at the 1st AMA-IEEE Medical Technology conference on Individualised Healthcare, Washington D.C., 21-23 Mar 2010
Denise McGrath, Barry R. Greene, Karol O’Donovan, Brian Caulfield, ‘The use of shimmer to detect stride time in running gait. ISEA conference.
Denise McGrath, Barry R. Greene, Karol O’Donovan, Brian Caulfield, SHIMMER: A new tool for long-term, extra-laboratory gait monitoring. ESMAC, London, 2009
Zoran Škrba, Brian O’Mullane, Barry R. Greene, Member, Cliodhna Ni Scanaill, Chie Wei Fan, Aaron Quigley, Paddy Nixon, ‘Objective real-time assessment of walking and turning in elderly adults’, Proceedings of the 31st International Conferences of the IEEE-EMBS Conference, Minneapolis, 2009.
Karol J. O’Donovan, Barry R. Greene, Denise McGrath, Ross O’Neill, Adrian Burns, Brian Caulfield, ‘SHIMMER: A new tool for temporal Gait analysis’, Proceedings of the 31st International Conferences of the IEEE-EMBS Conference, Minneapolis, 2009.